In Ghana, insured loans increased farmers' likelihood of receiving credit by between 15 and 21 percentage points. There was no impact on the likelihood that farmers apply for credit but there was an increase in the likelihood of loan approvals of between 17 and 25 percentage points.

This paper summarizes the current state of evidence on index insurance for disaster risk and development including its impacts in the field, remaining challenges and opportunities, research gaps, and the knowledge frontier today.

This study shows that formal insurance uptake has no significant effect on pastoralists' willingness to share risk through customary institutions. Overall, the results imply that index insurance did not crowd out informal risk-sharing mediated by social networks.