The experimental treatments improved yields despite adverse climactic conditions, particularly for farmers who were more productive before the study began.

The idea of the study is to measure the “all-in” effect first in the first year, and if an effect is found, try to decompose it by changing one intervention at a time in subsequent study years.

The TGP caused an increase in maize yields of 1 ton per hectare perhaps due to the 36 percent higher probability of using improved seeds in the treatment group compared to the control group. Although beneficiaries obtained larger yields, farmers in the control group earned larger profits.